Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

The correct answer is the case that established the principle of judicial review, which allows the judiciary to review and invalidate laws that are found to be unconstitutional. This principle is a cornerstone of the American legal system, ensuring that the actions of the legislative and executive branches adhere to the Constitution.

In the landmark case, the Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall in 1803, ruled that it had the authority to invalidate laws that conflicted with the Constitution. This case arose when William Marbury petitioned the Court for a writ of mandamus after his commission as a justice of the peace was not delivered. The Court ultimately determined that while Marbury was entitled to his commission, the section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that was used to bring the case to court was itself unconstitutional. Thus, Marbury v. Madison is significant because it was the first instance where the Supreme Court struck down a law as unconstitutional, solidifying the judiciary’s power in the system of checks and balances.

The other cases mentioned do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. Brown v. Board of Education dealt with the desegregation of schools, Roe v. Wade addressed women's rights to privacy regarding abortion, and Loving v. Virginia was about interracial