Which amendment to the Constitution guarantees freedom of speech?

The First Amendment to the Constitution is fundamental in ensuring the protection of several key freedoms, including freedom of speech. This amendment is part of the Bill of Rights and was ratified in 1791. It specifically prohibits Congress from making laws that infringe upon the freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. This protection allows individuals to express their thoughts, opinions, and beliefs without fear of government retaliation or censorship, thus playing a crucial role in the promotion of democracy and individual liberties.

In contrast, the other amendments listed do not address freedom of speech. The Second Amendment pertains to the right to bear arms, the Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and the Eighth Amendment deals with excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. Knowing the specific functions of these amendments helps clarify why the First Amendment is the correct answer in relation to freedom of speech.